Genetics pdf Notes 2024 MSc Botany 2nd Semester.Genetics pdf Notes MSc Botany 2nd Semester.Genetics pdf Notes 2024 MSc Botany 2nd Semester.
Genetic Definition
Genetics is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one or more molecules that help the body work.
What are genes?
A gene is a short section of DNA. Your genes contain instructions that tell your cells to make molecules called proteins. Proteins perform various functions in your body to keep you healthy. Each gene carries instructions that determine your features, such as eye colour, hair colour and height.
What is a gene pool simple definition?
A gene pool is the total genetic diversity found within a population or a species. A large gene pool has extensive genetic diversity and is better able to withstand the challenges posed by environmental stresses.
What is gene pool with example?
2. What is an Example of Gene Pool? A gene pool is a collection of different genes, both expressed and not expressed, present in a population of a particular species. This can be any population in consideration for example frogs in a pond, trees in a forest, etc.
What is a simple definition of chromosomes?
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What is chromosome and its function?
Chromosomes are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus. DNA is coiled around proteins called histones, which provide the structural support. Chromosomes help ensure that DNA is replicated and distributed appropriately during cell division.
Where are chromosomes located?
nucleusChromosomes are structures found in the center (nucleus) of cells that carry long pieces of DNA. DNA is the material that holds genes. It is the building block of the human body.
Are DNA and chromosomes the same?
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures call chromosomes. Each chromosome is up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins call histones that support its structure.
Difference Between Genotype and Phenotype ?
Difference Between Genotype and Phenotype ? oR Genotype VS Phenotype
| Genotype | Phenotype |
|---|---|
| 1 – Genotype refers to the genetic code of the individual.This is all the information that is found inside the individuals cell. | Phenotype is the expression of the genotype that is visible to other people and can be observed. |
| 2 – The genotype refers to the genetic material passed between generations | phenotype is observable characteristics or traits of an organism. |
| 3 – whilst genotype is inherited from an organism’s parents, | the phenotype is not |
| 4 – Genotype does not equal phenotype. | Whilst a phenotype is influenced the genotype |
What are 5 examples of genotype?
Examples of Genotype:
- Height. For an individual’s gene makeup there is tall variety (T) and there is short variety (s). T and s are call the alleles.
- Freckles or no freckles. Again the information that is pass from parent to child is carried in the cell of the genotype.
- Lactose intolerance.
What is the difference between genes and DNA?
| Genes | DNA |
|---|---|
| Genes are the DNA stretches which encode for specific proteins. Regulates the traits of an organism. | DNA is the genetic material, which is involved in carrying the hereditary information, replication process, mutations, and also in the equal distribution of DNA during the cell division. |
| Make up DNA OR RNA | Not Only Share the Genetic Material by organisms |
| Determine the trait of Organisms | Determine Many Finction such as regulation |
| Long Chain of Polynucleotide | Small Stretches of DNA |
What is locus in botany?
A locus is a spot or “address” on a chromosome at which a gene for a particular trait is located in all members of a species.
OR A locus is the specific physical location of a gene or other DNA sequence on a chromosome, like a genetic street address. The plural of locus is “loci”.
MSc Botany 2nd Semester Notes
| No | Subject | View |
|---|---|---|
| 1 – | Plant Ecology | Download – View |
| 2 – | Genetics | Download – View |
| 3 – | Plant Biochemistry | Download – View |
| 4 – | Plant Physiology | Download – View |
| 5 – | Plant Anatomy | Download – View |
What is the difference between chromosome and DNA?
| chromosome | DNA |
|---|---|
| A chromosome is a long chain of DNA molecules | DNA is a fundamental molecule that carries the genetic instruction of all living organisms. |
| It is contains part of all of the genetic material of an organism | DNA is packed into chromosomes with the help of special proteins called histones. |
| A chromosome is the most organized structure of DNA. | DNA is made up of nucleotide monomers of four bases A, T, C, and G. |
Difference Between DNA and Chromosome
Definition
DNA: DNA is the chemical form which stores genetic information.
Chromosome: A chromosome is the highest organized structure of DNA double helix with proteins.
Content
DNA: DNA is made up of nucleotide monomers of four bases A, T, C, and G.
Chromosome: A chromosome is made up of condensed DNA double-helix with histone protein.
Function
DNA: DNA carries the genetic information within a cell.
Chromosome: Organization of DNA along with histone proteins into chromosomes let the transcription to be controlled.
Conclusion
DNA is the chemical form of storing genetic information for the development, functioning, and reproduction. Since DNA is a long strand it should be well package within the cell. Thus, DNA is condense with histones to form chromosomes. Therefore, the key difference between DNA and chromosome is that a chromosome is the packaging structure of DNA.
What is difference between allele and gene?
| Allele | Gene |
|---|---|
| allele is a variant form of a gene. | Each gene resides at a specific locus (location on a chromosome) in two copies, one copy of the gene inherited from each parent. |
| Allele are also genetic sequences, and they too code for the transmission of traits. | A gene is a unit of hereditary information. |
What is the difference between a chromatin and a chromosome? OR
Chromatin vs Chromosomes
| chromosome | chromatin |
|---|---|
| Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells | The chromatin further condenses to form chromosomes. |
| chromosomes are higher order of DNA organization. | chromatin is lower order of DNA organization |
| Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. | The DNA is packaged by special proteins called histones to form chromatin. |
| They are condensed chromatin fibers | Composed of nucleosomes |
| Paired | Unpaired |
| Visualised under light microscope | Visualized under electron microscope |
| Thick, compact, ribbon-like structure | Thin, long, uncoiled structure |
| No metabolic activity shown | Allows DNA replication |